Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. Download the free Acrobat ReaderNov 3, 2020 · Tables in APA Style. To correctly format an APA table, follow these rules: Table number (in plain text) above the table. Brief title (in italics and title case) below the table number. Use no vertical lines and as few horizontal lines as possible. Notes below the table when necessary. APA table example The APA Manual focuses more on how to display one's own original research findings in a table than on citing data from multiple sources within a table. When using data from other sources, please note that: You should directly refer to the table or figure, discussing it's meaning and purpose, in the text of your paper.by Stefanie. Tables are a terrific way to share, compare, and contrast data. Strongholds of information, display cases for results, tables are a “just the facts, ma’am” approach to reporting important methods or findings of your work. APA Style can help you create clean and clear tables. An unbreakable rule in table formatting is to make ...You will get the following table in the output window. This is the default SPSS table format. We need to convert it to the APA Style formatting below . Double click on the table and then click Format in the toolbar. Click Tablelooks from the dropdown menu and then select APA_TimesRoma_12pt. Click Ok. You will …The APA Style guidelines in the Publication Manual were written with draft journal articles in mind, so they do not address how to cite figures and tables in other …- Tables in APA style are visual displays with columns and rows presenting numerical or textual information[1]. - Tables should be preceded by a number and ...Oct 26, 2022 · Table Numbers. Number all tables that are part of the main text (i.e., not part of an appendix or supplemental materials) using Arabic numbers--for example, Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. Assign the numbers in the order in which each table is first mentioned in the text. Write the word "Table" and the number in bold and flush left if the table ... Headings: All tables should include column headings including a heading for the left most column (aka stub heading). Body: The table body includes all the rows and columns of a table. The body can be single spaced, one-and-a-half spaced, or double spaced. Notes: Notes describing the contents of the table appear below the table.Finally, notice that APA-style tables are numbered consecutively starting at 1 (Table 1, Table 2, and so on) and given a brief but clear and descriptive title. Figure 12.14 Sample APA-Style Table Presenting Means and Standard Deviations [Long Description] Another common use of tables is to present correlations—usually …What are tables and figures in APA style? Your professor may have different citing expectations than library staff. Always check at the beginning of …Since APA style format is used often in science fields, the belief is “less is more.” Make sure you’re able to get your points across in a clear and brief way. ... Use of graphics (tables and figures) in APA Format. If you’re looking to jazz up your project with any charts, tables, drawings, or images, there are certain APA format rules ...Headings: All tables should include column headings including a heading for the left most column (aka stub heading). Body: The table body includes all the rows and columns of a table. The body can be single spaced, one-and-a-half spaced, or double spaced. Notes: Notes describing the contents of the table appear below the table.General Format. Guidelines on writing an APA style paper. In-Text Citations. Resources on using in-text citations in APA style. The Basics. General guidelines …Mar 12, 2024 · Tables must be identified with the word "Table" and include a title and source. As with figures, there are 3 elements to include: In a caption, just above the table. The table number (e.g. Table 1) appears above the figure in bold. The table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number in Italic Title Case. A note can appear ... Here's a lifehack for your picnic table: modify it to cool and serve drinks! Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radio Show Latest Vi...APA Contingency Table Created with CROSSTABS. So that's the easiest way to create an APA style contingency table in SPSS. But -personally- I find it too much work, especially for several tables. So let's consider 2 alternatives. APA Contingency Tables from CTABLES. The table we just created can be run in one go with CTABLES.Apr 23, 2021 ... Comments2 · APA 7 in Microsoft Word: Formatting Tables · How to format your paper in APA style in 2024 · APA 7th Edition Format & Citation...APA Style Introduction. These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the …Learn how to create and format tables and figures in APA style, with examples and guidelines. Find out how to cite sources, use abbreviations, and organize data in … Quantitative Research Design (JARS–Quant) The current JARS–Quant standards, released in 2018, expand and revise the types of research methodologies covered in the original JARS, which were published in 2008. In addition, JARS–Quant now divides hypotheses, analyses, and conclusions into primary, secondary, and exploratory groups. Since APA style format is used often in science fields, the belief is “less is more.” Make sure you’re able to get your points across in a clear and brief way. ... Use of graphics (tables and figures) in APA Format. If you’re looking to jazz up your project with any charts, tables, drawings, or images, there are certain APA format rules ...With APA 7 style, you should use footnotes only when you absolutely must. Ask your instructor for clarification. The purpose of footnotes is to add to or clarify a point. Footnotes are also used to add copyright information. Types of APA Footnotes. There are two types of footnotes used in APA format: content …A common task faced by researchers is the creation of APA style (i.e., American Psychological Association style) tables from statistical output. In R a large number of function calls are often needed to obtain all of the desired information for a single APA style table. As well, the process of manually creating APA style …Apr 23, 2021 ... Comments2 · APA 7 in Microsoft Word: Formatting Tables · How to format your paper in APA style in 2024 · APA 7th Edition Format & Citation...Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Media File: APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation This resource is enhanced by a PowerPoint file. If you have a Microsoft Account, you can view this file with …Feb 16, 2024 ... Figures. A figure is any other visual element in your work. This might be a graph, diagram, picture or photograph. Please note that this version ...General APA Guidelines. Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the “running head”) at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the ... Always use numerals to express numbers in the following cases, even numbers zero through nine: Case. Example. Numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement. 5-mg dose. 3 cm. Statistical or mathematical functions. multiplied by 2. Fractions or decimals (except common fractions) When it comes to classic game room additions, few things can rival the timeless appeal of a Brunswick pool table. Brunswick’s traditional line of pool tables embodies elegance and ...Learn to format Tables, Figures, and References in APA Style (7th Edition).Online Guideshttps://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/handouts-guideshttps://ap...Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Media File: APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation This resource is enhanced by a PowerPoint file. If you have a Microsoft Account, you can view this file with …Style says a lot about a person's personality. What does your style say about you? Get tips and great advice on all-things-stule at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement HowStuffWorks has e...Mar 19, 2024 · The table of means and standard deviations and the table of intercorrelations can be combined into one table. The table format used depends on the nature of the study. Adapted from Presenting Your Findings: A Practical Guide for Creating Tables, Sixth Edition (pp. 41, 43), by A. M. Nicol and P. M. Pexman, 2010, American Psychological ... In APA style, a figure is any representation of information that does not use rows and columns (e.g., a line graph, map, or photograph). Keep the following in mind when including a figure in your capstone manuscript: The figure number, in bold text, belongs above the figure, flush left. The figure title belongs one double-spaced line below the ...Placement of figures in a paper. There are two options for the placement of figures (and tables) in a paper. The first is to embed figures in the text after each is first mentioned (or “called out”); the second is to place each figure on a separate page after the reference list. An embedded figure may take up an entire page; if the figure ...APA 6th edition table of contents: Format. The table of contents should be situated between the abstract and the introduction of your paper. Format the heading on the page as “Table of Contents” using boldface and center alignment. Employ a legible font consistently throughout your document. Ensure the table of …Keep these tips in mind when using a table in your APA format publication: Add an individual title to each table. It should be italicized and capitalized in APA style. Begin each table after the reference list on a page of its own. Number all tables (i.e., Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). Reference all tables in the text of the paper. Publication Manual (6th ed., sections 5.07–5.19, pp. 128–150; Table 5.1, p. 129, illustrates the basic components of a table; section 8.03, p. 228) From the APA Style website: APA publishes a companion guide to the manual that focuses exclusively on tables: Presenting Your Findings: A Practical Guide for Creating Tables. From the APA Style ... Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page. Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired.Nov 6, 2020 · Follow the format for the source type you took the table or figure from. You also have to include a copyright statement in a note beneath the table or figure. The example below shows how to cite a figure from a journal article. APA reference entry. Shi, F., & Zhu, L. (2019). Publication Manual (6th ed., sections 5.07–5.19, pp. 128–150; Table 5.1, p. 129, illustrates the basic components of a table; section 8.03, p. 228) From the APA Style website: APA publishes a companion guide to the manual that focuses exclusively on tables: Presenting Your Findings: A Practical Guide for Creating Tables. From the APA Style ...A variety of fonts are permitted in APA Style papers. Font options include the following: sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode; serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or normal (10-point) Computer Modern (the default font for LaTeX); We recommend these fonts because they are …Fonts of Knowledge. The font you choose for your manuscript has a direct impact on readability. Although your word-processing program may come with hundreds of possible fonts, only a few of them are needed for an APA Style manuscript. For all text (including tables and the reference list), authors should …PK !‘D²ð„ - [Content_Types].xml ¢ ( ´•ËjÃ0 E÷…þƒÑ¶ØJº(¥ÄÉ¢ e hú Š5ŽEõBš¼þ¾ã81¥¤qiâ Až¹÷ i@ M6F'+ Q9›³a6` ØÂIe 9û˜½¤÷,‰(¬ ÚYÈÙ "›Œ¯¯F³‡˜ ÚÆœUˆþ óXT`DÌœ K•Ò # –aÁ½(>Å øí`pÇ g ,¦X{°ñè J±Ô˜ ÞP ãG êÊï {Ý MP ’© ø* uñµ ’KW, )³Ó6G8]Yª Z}íæƒ+ F:s£³¶b„² þ_9ìÒÌ! òò u'DĆxy ...Mar 12, 2024 · Tables must be identified with the word "Table" and include a title and source. As with figures, there are 3 elements to include: In a caption, just above the table. The table number (e.g. Table 1) appears above the figure in bold. The table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number in Italic Title Case. A note can appear ... Mar 19, 2024 · The table of means and standard deviations and the table of intercorrelations can be combined into one table. The table format used depends on the nature of the study. Adapted from Presenting Your Findings: A Practical Guide for Creating Tables, Sixth Edition (pp. 41, 43), by A. M. Nicol and P. M. Pexman, 2010, American Psychological ... How do I format a table in APA style? · Label and number the table using a bold font. · Give it a descriptive title in italics on the line after the table number ... Placement of figures in a paper. There are two options for the placement of figures (and tables) in a paper. The first is to embed figures in the text after each is first mentioned (or “called out”); the second is to place each figure on a separate page after the reference list. An embedded figure may take up an entire page; if the figure ... Placement of figures in a paper. There are two options for the placement of figures (and tables) in a paper. The first is to embed figures in the text after each is first mentioned (or “called out”); the second is to place each figure on a separate page after the reference list. An embedded figure may take up an entire page; if the figure ...If a table has less than two rows, use text instead. Refer to every table in the text by Arabic numbers (e.g., As shown in Table 1) or with a citation (see Table 1). Summarize the main points of the table as an introduction. Number tables in the order they are mentioned. Be consistent in the formatting and vocabulary of … In APA style, a table is a representation of information that uses rows and columns. Keep the following in mind when including a table in your capstone document: Place the word "Table" and the table number above the table, flush left, and in boldface. (This is a change from APA 6 where the table number was not bolded.) In APA style, a table is a representation of information that uses rows and columns. Keep the following in mind when including a table in your capstone document: Place the word "Table" and the table number above the table, flush left, and in boldface. (This is a change from APA 6 where the table number was not bolded.)Chapter 7 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is dedicated to formatting tables and figures.What is presented here is a brief overview on some of these topics based on the rules found in the manual. For more details and exceptions to the rules, be sure to reference the manual, … APA Style tables have the following basic components: number: The table number (e.g., Table 1) appears above the table title and body in bold font. Number tables in the order in which they are mentioned in your paper. title: The table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number. The APA Style guidelines in the Publication Manual were written with draft journal articles in mind, so they do not address how to cite figures and tables in other … Each figure and table needs to be numbered in the order in which they appear in the document, e.g., Table 1, Table 2. Figures and tables may not have a set title. If this is the case, give a description of the figure or table where you would normally put the title. Figures and Tables are covered in Chapter 7 of the APA Publication Manual ... Introducing APA Style Journal Article Reporting Standards for Race, Ethnicity, and Culture. These standards are for all authors, reviewers, and editors seeking to improve manuscript quality by encouraging more racially and ethnically conscious and culturally responsive journal reporting standards for empirical studies in …Citing Tables and Figures in APA Style | Format & Examples. Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, …Tables in APA Style (7th ed.) Tables are organized in a row and column format and provide information that is not already given in the text. Tables should also be able to stand alone and be understandable without the accompanying text. Therefore, having a descriptive title for the table is important and so is using a “note” to explain any ... Each figure and table needs to be numbered in the order in which they appear in the document, e.g., Table 1, Table 2. Figures and tables may not have a set title. If this is the case, give a description of the figure or table where you would normally put the title. Figures and Tables are covered in Chapter 7 of the APA Publication Manual ... Need help moving your pool table? Check out our guide for the best pool table moving companies near you. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest V...Jan 11, 2024 · The APA Manual focuses more on how to display one's own original research findings in a table than on citing data from multiple sources within a table. When using data from other sources, please note that: You should directly refer to the table or figure, discussing it's meaning and purpose, in the text of your paper. Watch this video on the Ryobi Table Saw with QuickStand which is simple to set up and easy to break down. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest ...APA tables have four essential components. Number. Title. Headings. Body. Note. To see how this all goes together, check out this APA …Learn how to format tables and figures efficiently and clearly in APA Style. Find sample tables, figures, and tips for accessibility and color use.APA: Tables and Figures Information is summarized from the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020). Tables usually convey numerical information and/or textual information in a rows and columns format (p. 195).Nov 12, 2009 · Table Tips. Tables are a terrific way to share, compare, and contrast data. Strongholds of information, display cases for results, tables are a “just the facts, ma’am” approach to reporting important methods or findings of your work. APA Style can help you create clean and clear tables. An unbreakable rule in table formatting is to make ... These sample figures illustrate how to set up figures in APA Style. Note that any kind of visual display that is not a table is considered a figure. Samples include bar graph, line graph, CONSORT flowchart, path model, qualitative research figure, mixed methods research figure, illustration of experimental stimuli, and map.A common task faced by researchers is the creation of APA style (i.e., American Psychological Association style) tables from statistical output. In R a large number of function calls are often needed to obtain all of the desired information for a single APA style table. As well, the process of manually creating APA style …Sorted by: 1. You can use write.table to send it to the clipboard, and then copy the text into Word. You need to remember to set sep="\t" and col.names=NA For example: write.table(xtabs(hp~cyl+am,mtcars),"clipboard",sep="\t",col.names=NA) In Word, highlight the copied text and then click on Insert Table... and you should have all the data …To fix the table rules, go to “View,” then “Formatting Palette.”. When the formatting palette appears on the screen, click the arrow next to “Borders and Shading.”. Highlight all the cells in your table, click the arrow next to the border “Type” on the formatting palette, and choose the picture without lines.You will get the following table in the output window. This is the default SPSS table format. We need to convert it to the APA Style formatting below . Double click on the table and then click Format in the toolbar. Click Tablelooks from the dropdown menu and then select APA_TimesRoma_12pt. Click Ok. You will …A common task faced by researchers is the creation of APA style (i.e., American Psychological Association style) tables from statistical output. In R a large number of function calls are often needed to obtain all of the desired information for a single APA style table. As well, the process of manually creating APA style …Learn how to format your paper according to APA Style guidelines, including page margins, headings, title page, abstract, and reference page. Find …It is possible to cite a specific part of a source whether you are paraphrasing or directly quoting. Do not cite a specific part of a source in the reference list. Instead, cite the work that readers would retrieve to find the part. For example, if you cite data from a table in a government report, the government report is the source, and the ...The Elements of an APA-style Table • Table number. Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals in the order they appear in the paper. • Table title (italicized). The table title should be one double-spaced line below the table number. Capitalize the first letter of major words, and do not end with a period. The title should beWatch this video on the Ryobi Table Saw with QuickStand which is simple to set up and easy to break down. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest ...Using Excel, you can automate a variety of tasks that are integral to your long and short-term financial planning. A bond amortization table is one of several core financial resou...The APA Manual focuses more on how to display one's own original research findings in a table than on citing data from multiple sources within a table. When using data from other sources, please note that: You should directly refer to the table or figure, discussing it's meaning and purpose, in the text of your paper.Chapter 7 of the APA manual provides guidance about creating tables and figures. Please consult the manual or the abbreviated guidance located on the APA Style website. Table and figures can be presented either in the text of the paper or after the reference list on separate pages.To set-up the captions use the caption package, together with setspace to cope with the double spacing requirement for figure captions. Now you can use \captionsetup[table] and \captionsetup[figure] to define the styling of captions for the two environemnts. There are hooks for the different fonts involved, the justification …A variety of fonts are permitted in APA Style papers. Font options include the following: sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode; serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or normal (10-point) Computer Modern (the default font for LaTeX); We recommend these fonts because they are …Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition is the official APA Style resource for students. Designed specifically for undergraduate writing, this easy-to-use pocket guide is adapted from the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It provides complete guidance for new writers on effective, clear, and …Citing Tables and Figures in Text. When citing a table or a figure in text, refer to it by its number, such as “Table 3” or “Figure 2.”. Do not refer to it by its position relative to the text (e.g., “the figure below”) or its page number (e.g., “the table on page 12”); these will change when your paper is typeset, assuming you ...Numbers expressed in numerals are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual 6.32 and the Concise Guide ... Step 1). The noun before the number is also capitalized. This guideline applies to parts of books and tables as well (e.g., Chapter 1). However, when the number comes before the noun, the usual guidelines ...This article walks through the formatting steps needed to create an APA Style student paper, starting with a basic setup that applies to the entire paper (margins, font, line spacing, paragraph alignment and indentation, and page headers). It then covers formatting for the major sections of a student paper: the title page, the text, tables and ...Choosing parentheses or brackets. In general, to determine whether to use parentheses or brackets in a reference, look at the template and reference example in the Publication Manual for the type of work you want to cite. When both parentheses and brackets are present, place the parenthetical information first and the bracketed …
PK !‘D²ð„ - [Content_Types].xml ¢ ( ´•ËjÃ0 E÷…þƒÑ¶ØJº(¥ÄÉ¢ e hú Š5ŽEõBš¼þ¾ã81¥¤qiâ Až¹÷ i@ M6F'+ Q9›³a6` ØÂIe 9û˜½¤÷,‰(¬ ÚYÈÙ "›Œ¯¯F³‡˜ ÚÆœUˆþ óXT`DÌœ K•Ò # –aÁ½(>Å øí`pÇ g ,¦X{°ñè J±Ô˜ ÞP ãG êÊï {Ý MP ’© ø* uñµ ’KW, )³Ó6G8]Yª Z}íæƒ+ F:s£³¶b„² þ_9ìÒÌ! òò u'DĆxy .... Fidelity ira login
By Anne Breitenbach You know, APA Style Experts don’t spend their whole lives in a glamorous ivory tower, as you no doubt imagine of people who spend their days with a pointy green pencil, a heap of style manuals, and... Databases Publication process Tables and figures Tests and measures 02/18/2015 10:53 Comments(1)According to APA style, in formatting tables, the following rules should be followed: Table number should be in plain text and placed above the table. The brief title of the table should be in italics and title case and should be placed below the table number. Table should have no vertical lines and should have as few horizontal …General APA Guidelines. Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the “running head”) at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the ...APA. Citations. References. Tables and Figures. Abstracts for the Capstone. More APA Style Guidelines. Writing. Grammar and Mechanics. Reading to Write. Self …Need help moving your pool table? Check out our guide for the best pool table moving companies near you. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest V...In order for the Table of Contents to automatically adjust to di˜erent headings, you must first manually set the Styles for APA Levels of Heading. From the Home ...Learn how to create and format tables and figures in APA style, with examples and guidelines. Find out how to cite sources, use abbreviations, and organize data in …Each figure and table needs to be numbered in the order in which they appear in the document, e.g., Table 1, Table 2. Figures and tables may not have a set title. If this is the case, give a description of the figure or table where you would normally put the title. Figures and Tables are covered in Chapter 7 of the APA Publication Manual ...writing style and organization. APA's guidelines assist readers in recognizing a writer's ideas and information, rather than having to adjust to inconsistent formatting. In this way, APA allows writers to express themselves clearly and easily to readers. The APA materials developed in the Walden Writing Center are based on The …Pricing tables aren't included in every WordPress theme, so if coding a pricing table seems unappealing, here are the best pricing table plugins out there. Trusted by business buil...To set-up the captions use the caption package, together with setspace to cope with the double spacing requirement for figure captions. Now you can use \captionsetup[table] and \captionsetup[figure] to define the styling of captions for the two environemnts. There are hooks for the different fonts involved, the justification …Mar 20, 2023 · Keep these tips in mind when using a table in your APA format publication: Add an individual title to each table. It should be italicized and capitalized in APA style. Begin each table after the reference list on a page of its own. Number all tables (i.e., Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). Reference all tables in the text of the paper. APA Style. Tables. APA Style. Analysis of Variance Table. This sample table displays the results of multiple analyses of variance (ANOVAs). …Apr 23, 2021 ... Comments2 · APA 7 in Microsoft Word: Formatting Tables · How to format your paper in APA style in 2024 · APA 7th Edition Format & Citation...In-text citations briefly identify the source of information in the body text. They correspond to a full reference entry at the end of your paper. APA in-text citations consist of the author’s last name and publication year. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. APA Contingency Table Created with CROSSTABS. So that's the easiest way to create an APA style contingency table in SPSS. But -personally- I find it too much work, especially for several tables. So let's consider 2 alternatives. APA Contingency Tables from CTABLES. The table we just created can be run in one go with CTABLES. APA style (also known as APA format) ... left aligning all tables and figures, and using footnotes sparingly. Seventh edition of the Publication Manual. The seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the current one, published in October 2019. The goal of the book is to help people become better ...Color can serve both communicative and decorative uses in figures. Students preparing a figure for a course assignment may use color provided that the assignment will be delivered in a format that supports it. Authors seeking publication should avoid the use of color except when it is necessary for understanding the …Find out how to create a homemade whitewash and apply it to an unfinished side table. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radio Show ... Always use numerals to express numbers in the following cases, even numbers zero through nine: Case. Example. Numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement. 5-mg dose. 3 cm. Statistical or mathematical functions. multiplied by 2. Fractions or decimals (except common fractions) APA (American Psychological Association) writing style is one of the most commonly used and accepted formats for academic writing. It is used in many fields, including psychology, ....