Michigan pesticide practice test - This course is designed for preparation and practice only; it does not include an official certification exam. You can visit the Department of Pesticide Regulation to learn more and schedule exams. This course will take about 3 to 4 hours to complete. Participants have 60 days from their date of registration and enrollment to access material ...

 
Core Insecticide Practice Exam. February 8, 2022. Ryan Shiplett. Training. We established this quiz to help create applicators that is fetching their nucleus pesticide exam. Respectively question are worth 1 point with adenine max score of 67 points. Your score and the correct answers will be shown at the end of the exam as well as emailed …. Urban air adventure park jackson ms

To obtain Michigan certification credentials as part of a reciprocal agreement, submit an application and the prescribed fee (payable to State of Michigan) to MDARD at the address listed on the application. For additional information contact MDARD’s Pesticide Section at 800-292-3939 or [email protected] section will outline the key aspects of the exam. The Illinois Pesticide Applicator Practice Test is designed to assess your knowledge of various topics related to pesticide application, safety, laws, and regulations. The test is conducted by the Illinois Department of Agriculture (IDA) and consists of multiple-choice questions.Pesticide registration. All pesticides in the U.S. must be registered with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) unless they meet the criteria for a minimum risk pesticide. Additionally, Michigan requires all pesticides, including those that EPA exempts under FIFRA 25 (b), be registered with the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural ... Licensing Information for Pesticide Application Businesses. Certification information for pesticide applicators and technicians. The Pest Notification Registry allows someone with a physician diagnosed to be notified prior to a pesticide application to turf ornamental on property adjacent to the applicant. Registering pesticides for use in the ... Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Standards Training Program and Practice Test. 12 Hour | Online HD Video This course is intended as a study guide for the National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual. The test administered by your state, tribe, territory, or federal department/agency will cover this information along with state ...After completing your study of this manual and the “core” manual (formerly E-2195), take the core exam and category 6 exam administered by the Michigan Department of …Steps to become a registered commercial applicator: Complete a training program approved by MDARD and conducted by an MDARD-verified trainer. Pass a commercial core exam. To schedule an exam, visit Metro Institute's website. Submit the Pesticide Commercial Registered Applicator Application and $45 fee to Michigan Department of Agriculture and ...microinjection. A method of introducing small amounts of pesticide into holes bored into the truck of a tree. this is uaually done through a placstic septum inserted into the truck of the tree. Micronutrients. Elements used by plants in relatively small amounts, includes manganese, boron, copper and zinc.Michigan Certified Pesticide COMBOCAT 6J. 188 terms. Kevin_Reich77. Preview. 3B Ornamental Pest Management MDARD Exam . 224 terms. Carpenter_Beast. Preview. SHRM - Structure of the HR Function: Role of HR . 51 terms. erica_stewart325. Preview. ITIL Management Practices. 47 terms. imeneses0311. Preview. MI Right-of …4 Michigan Pesticide Practice Test 2023-11-24 accumulate over the long term. This book will help you find which ones are right for you. Captures farmer and other research results from the past ten years. The authors verified the info. from the 2nd ed., added new results and updated farmer profiles and research data, and added 2 chap ...All pesticides in the U.S. must be registered with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) unless they meet the criteria for a minimum risk pesticide. Additionally, Michigan requires all pesticides, including those that EPA exempts under FIFRA 25 (b), be registered with the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD).After passing the Indiana pesticide CORE exam, I am now able to purchase and use restricted use pesticides on my property. Aspects of covered by the exam are...To take the TSA CBT practice test, visit the TSA website, and select the TSA Practice Test link. Then locate the link for the sample interview questions. Practice answering these q...That manual should form the backbone of your learning, with this DMV general knowledge practice test being used as support. Just like the real CDL permit test, this 2024 CDL practice test for Michigan requires a minimum grade of 80 percent for students to pass. Every correct answer on this learners permit practice test is accompanied by a short ...The Colorado pesticide applicator practice test consists of multiple-choice questions that assess your knowledge and understanding of various pesticide-related topics. The exam is typically divided into different sections, each focusing on a specific category, such as general standards, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and application ... The test administered by your state, tribe, territory, or federal department/agency will cover this information along with state, tribe, etc. specific information. Passing the core exam is essential to becoming a certified applicator. This course will start you off on the right track and provide a solid foundation of pesticide safety principles. Please read: Pesticide Certification Exam Update. Computer-Based Exams: Testing centers at 18 locations across Michigan offer computer-based, in-person exams through Metro Institute, a private pesticide exam administration company authorized to conduct testing on MDARD’s behalf. Applicators do not have to be computer-savvy to successfully ...Mar 23, 2024 · describe how to properly apply a pesticide to a large tree. make sure to have the appropriate personal protective equipment to protect the head face and neck. start spraying by first directing a spray up into the interior of the crown, then move to the top portion of the tree and work downward. Spray application. . Biologic controls c. Natural controls d. Applied controls - ANSWER-a. Chemical controls Continual use of the same pesticide can lead to? a. Pesticide resistance b. Loss of public support c. Lower cost to treat invasive species d. Damage to crops - ANSWER-a. Pesticide resistance Which statement is true about IPM? a. …Conclusion. Mastering the California Pesticide Applicator Practice Test requires dedication, thorough preparation, and a solid understanding of key concepts related to pesticide laws, regulations, and safe application practices. By utilizing the resources mentioned in this guide, adopting effective study strategies, and following test-taking ... Which of the following would be considered a misuse of a pesticide? 1. Treating for a pest not on the label but the site is specified on the label. 2. Using a pesticide at a less frequent interval than specified. 3. Using a pesticide at a dosage rate lower than recommended on the label. 4. Using a pesticide at a lower dosage, but more ... Prepare for success with our Pesticide Applicator License Exam Practice Quiz! Test your knowledge, key concepts, and ace your licensing exam with confidence. Check out our well-researched Pesticide Applicator License exam practice quiz designed to test your knowledge!Apr 2, 2012 · Preface. This manual is intended to prepare pesticide applicators in Category 3A, turf pest management, for certification under the Michigan Pesticide Control Act of 1976, as amended. This category includes the management of turf pests of landscape, recreational, and athletic turf. Included in this category are commercial applicators managing ... Jun 8, 2012 · Size: 34-page Michigan Commercial Applicator Core Manual Addendum and the 238-page National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual Sold as a set. Cost & availability: $30.00. This manual kit must be purchased from the National Pesticide Safety Education Center and is not available as a free PDF. Sharing our bulletins with other states. Licensing Information for Pesticide Application Businesses. Certification information for pesticide applicators and technicians. The Pest Notification Registry allows someone with a physician diagnosed to be notified prior to a pesticide application to turf ornamental on property adjacent to the applicant. Registering pesticides for use in the ... What is true regarding pesticides formulated as wettable powered. - The concentrates of the active ingredient ranges from 15-95%. - They are made to mix with water but require good aviation during application to prevent plugged nozzles and hoses. - are less likely to damage foliage than are emulsifiable concentrates. Preface. This manual is intended to prepare commercial pesticide applicators in right-ofway control (category 6) for certification under the Michigan Pesticide Control Act of 1976 as amended. The “Commercial and Private Applicator Core Manual: Initial Certification” (formerly E-2195), which explains safety considerations, pesticide laws ...Date New: December 2007. Size: 34-page Michigan Commercial Applicator Core Manual Addendum and the 238-page National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual Sold as a set. Cost & availability: $30.00. This manual kit must be purchased from the National Pesticide Safety Education Center and is not available as a free PDF.1) A pest may invade a site for which there is no registered pesticide to control it. 2) The pest could cause farmers in the area serious economic loss. 4) There is nomother way to help control the pest. - ODA must show EPA that this is a crisis and request permission for farmers to use the unregistered pesticide.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A key to minimizing the hazard of pesticide use to the applicator is to avoid exposure (T/F), The use of temperature or humidity manipulation is a ________ control method for insects, Drift problems can be reduced by: a. using lower pressure, smaller nozzle orifices b. applying in very calm, …There are several types of interest bearing savings accounts designed for minors. In Michigan, many financial institutions offer youth savings accounts that also include an ATM car...Popular books. Biology Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi, Matthew Douglas. College Physics Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille. Essential Environment: The Science Behind the Stories Jay H. Withgott, Matthew Laposata. Everything's an Argument with 2016 MLA Update University Andrea A Lunsford, University John J Ruszkiewicz. Lewis's …Integrated Pest Management. This manual is part of Missouri's Pesticide Applicator Training Program. It prepares pesticide applicators for a Category 6, Right-of-Way Pest Control, certification test given by the Missouri Department of Agriculture. Missouri's Pesticide Applicator Training program is a cooperative effort among MU …20 Multiple choice questions. The pest management unit. It includes a. pests to persist. (especially on the roof) of a building. plants, animals (including humans), and/or microorganisms. an animal to be effective; it will not kill on contact. plant growth. Apesticide used to control rodents.michigan-pesticide-practice-test 2 Downloaded from oldshop.whitney.org on 2020-04-10 by guest events by reducing soil degradation processes. This document will be a reference material for those interested in learning more about sources and effects of soil pollution. Returning Individual Research Results to Participants National Academies of ...We would love to show you the "day in the life" of our test administration services. To schedule a free no obligation demo of our services call Kelly Denny @ (602) 471-0155. Metro Institute - Computer Based Testing, Online Testing, Certification and Licensing Training. We offer flexible custom solutions for your agency or company.The Virginia pesticide applicator practice test is designed to evaluate your knowledge and understanding of pesticide safety, regulations, application methods, environmental impact, and related topics. It is a crucial step towards obtaining your pesticide applicator certification in the state. The test consists of multiple-choice questions that ...This manual is intended as a study guide for preparing to take the National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Exam that was developed jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada. Check with the pesticide regulatory agency within your individual state, tribe, territory, or federal ...Size: 34-page Michigan Commercial Applicator Core Manual Addendum and the 238-page National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual Sold as a set. Cost & availability: $30.00. This manual kit must be purchased from the National Pesticide Safety Education Center and is not available as a free PDF. Sharing our bulletins with other states.michigan-pesticide-practice-test 3 Downloaded from admissions.piedmont.edu on 2019-02-06 by guest Cover crops slow erosion, improve soil, smother weeds, enhance nutrient and moisture availability, help control many pests and bring a host of other benefits to your farm. At the same time, they can reduce costs, increase profits and even create new …Are you preparing to take the Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) exam? Taking a practice test is one of the best ways to get ready for the real thing. Here are three tips to help yo... Which of the following would be considered a misuse of a pesticide? 1. Treating for a pest not on the label but the site is specified on the label. 2. Using a pesticide at a less frequent interval than specified. 3. Using a pesticide at a dosage rate lower than recommended on the label. 4. Using a pesticide at a lower dosage, but more ... Ornamental & Turf Practice Test. Teacher 68 terms. kelvinmunyika. Preview. Practice Exam, National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual . 50 terms. Dragony1234. Preview. Anti-infective . 14 terms. Ava_banister. Preview. Medications used for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. 45 terms. TimaJay21. Preview. Applying Pesticides … Conclusion. Mastering the California Pesticide Applicator Practice Test requires dedication, thorough preparation, and a solid understanding of key concepts related to pesticide laws, regulations, and safe application practices. By utilizing the resources mentioned in this guide, adopting effective study strategies, and following test-taking ... Prepare for success with our Pesticide Applicator License Exam Practice Quiz! Test your knowledge, key concepts, and ace your licensing exam with confidence. Check out our well-researched Pesticide Applicator License exam practice quiz designed to test your knowledge!A. Doubling the recommended amount for efficacy. B. Following the manufacturer’s instructions Explanation: Manufacturer instructions ensure safe, effective pesticide use. C. Adding soda for stabilization. D. Mixing all available pesticides for broad-spectrum control. 6. You notice holes and yellowing on rose leaves.Free practice tests for the TABE can be found on online resources like the testprepreview, studyguidezone and proprofs websites. This test is designed to assess the test taker’s ab...Many Category Exams include a Calculations section. To prepare for the mathematical portions of the Category Exams, we recommend that you carefully review pages 164-165 and 189-192 in the Core Manual. Additional resources for pesticide applicator math are available from the Purdue Pesticide Program (PDF) and the Pesticide Environmental …From your calibration test, you determine that your backpack sprayer delivers 0.25 gallon of water to cover a 250-square-foot test area. The label recommends applying pesticide at a rate of 6 ounces of product per gallon. How many ounces are needed to cover 1,000-square-foot application area? 6 ounces.The Michigan English Test (MET) is a multilevel English proficiency exam for secondary school students and adults. Its certification is used for high-stakes decision-making in educational and professional settings. MET is …Michigan Pesticide Applicator Exam Prep. Study for the pesticide exam on your own time! HD Video Courses | Mobile Friendly | Available 24/7. Not sure what to study yet? …ller nozzle orifices b. applying in very calm, stable air conditions c. spraying upwind of a sensitive area d. placing bloom as close to target as possible correct answer: d. placing a boom as close to the target as possible Which is not a concern handling a emulsifiable concentrate pesticide: a. high phytotoxicity b. may be easily absorbed …Define pesticide. Any material used to kill, attract, repel, regulate, or interrupt growth and mating of pests, or to regulate plant growth. Contact pesticides. Must physically touch the pest organism or be sprayed on the site the pest frequents to exert an action. Example would be protective fungicide.Plants filter pollutants from the air. 2. Plant roots anchor soil and prevent erosion. 3. Plants provide food and shelter for animals we value or enjoy. 4. Trees offer shade. Some types of trees and shrubs are effective windbreaks. As a result, well-planned landscapes can reduce heating and cooling costs.Michigan Certified Pesticide COMBOCAT 6J. 188 terms. Kevin_Reich77. Preview. 3B Ornamental Pest Management MDARD Exam . 224 terms. Carpenter_Beast. Preview. SHRM - Structure of the HR Function: Role of HR . 51 terms. erica_stewart325. Preview. ITIL Management Practices. 47 terms. imeneses0311. Preview. MI Right-of …Prepare for success with our Pesticide Applicator License Exam Practice Quiz! Test your knowledge, key concepts, and ace your licensing exam with confidence. Check out our well-researched Pesticide Applicator License exam practice quiz designed to test your knowledge!If the number of credits listed on your renewal application are insufficient and your personal records indicate you have enough credits, contact MDARD’s Pesticide Section at [email protected] or by calling 800-292-3939. Please provide the seminar title, seminar code, and meeting location (if applicable). Failure to contact MDARD in a timely …Questions based on the Aquatic Pesticide Application Manual for the state of Michigan - Commercial Application Category 5 ... Questions based on the Aquatic Pesticide Application Manual for the state of Michigan - Commercial Application Category 5 ... Patho Test 3: ELNEC pain management at the end of life (online lecture) Teacher …MDARD Pesticide Exam Study Manual Chart. While the Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development administers the exams, study manuals are purchased through the National Pesticide Safety Education Center and Michigan State University Extension. To obtain manuals:Preface. This manual is intended to prepare pesticide applicators in Category 3B, ornamental pest management, for certification under Act 451, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, Part 83, Pesticide Control. This category includes the management of pests of outdoor ornamental plants including evergreens, shrubs, …Dose that kills half of the test animals (stands for lethal dose (LD) for 50%) 78. How do you prevent back-siphoning of pesticide back into the water supply? Keeping an air gap or using anti-siphoning devices on garden hoses . 79. How should you transport herbicide? Checks to make sure all containers are not leaking. Do not transport with: FoodUniversity of Michigan Credit Union credit card reviews, rates, rewards and fees. Compare University of Michigan Credit Union credit cards to other cards and find the best card Ple...The exam will contain 25 questions over material covered in manual sections 1-7. You will not be allowed to use the manual or notes during the exam. The majority of questions will require short answers or true/false. The PSEP Coordinator will inform you of your test results immediately and provide the results to MDARD.Michigan 3A Turfgrass Pest Management Practice Exam. We created this quiz to help prepare applicators that are taking their Michigan 3A Turfgrass Pest Management exam. Each question is worth 1 point with a max score of 44 points. Your score and the correct answers will be shown at the end of the exam as well as emailed to you. Good Luck! Name.Jun 8, 2012 · Size: 34-page Michigan Commercial Applicator Core Manual Addendum and the 238-page National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual Sold as a set. Cost & availability: $30.00. This manual kit must be purchased from the National Pesticide Safety Education Center and is not available as a free PDF. Sharing our bulletins with other states. describe how to properly apply a pesticide to a large tree. make sure to have the appropriate personal protective equipment to protect the head face and neck. start spraying by first directing a spray up into the interior of the crown, then move to the top portion of the tree and work downward. Spray application.1. Telling customer what you are spraying for and also showing them the problem. 2. Informing the customer of post=application label instructions. 3. Explaining to the customer factors that have contributed to the pest problem. Practice exam questions from the Michigan CORE applicator exam study guide Learn with flashcards, games, and more ... INSECTICIDE. A pesticide used to manage or prevent. damage caused by insects. Sometimes generalized to be. synonymous with pesticide. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like ABSORPTION, ACARICIDE, ACTIVE INGREDIENT and more. d) 1000 mg/kg. a) 50 mg/kg. What does the 75 stand for in the name Lorsban 75WG? a) 75 lbs container. b) 75% active ingredient. c) 75% inactive ingredient. d) EPA registration number of the pesticide being used. b) 75% active ingredient. You are applying a pesticide to a rectangular area that is 20 ft by 4 ft.Dangerous pesticides on pot are a problem that's being solved with compost. Marijuana consumers have long proselytized for their drug of choice with the notion that it’s nature’s h...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pesticide laws and regulations help to:, Knowing the proper procedures for diluting pesticide concentrates is, The format of pesticide labels is established by and more. ... also test 2. 10 terms. joshmichealnataspine. Preview "What Matters" 25 terms. emmar_shullsburg. Preview. …John Stone can be reached at [email protected] and 616-890-6729. The exam will contain 25 questions over material covered in manual sections 1-7. You will not be allowed to use the manual or notes during the exam. The majority of questions will require short answers or true/false. All persons desiring to hold a pesticide certification with the Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development must contact Metro Institute to schedule a computer based exam. Register to Test If you have not registered on Metrosignup.com to schedule your exams Click the button below ! Practice questions for a pesticide applicator license exam include which body parts are most likely to be exposed to pesticides, how to store specific pesticides properly and the d...d) dilute the pesticide and wash it away. d) dilute the pesticide and wash it away. Of the following materials, the one which would be most helpful to have on hand when a highly toxic pesticide is spilled on the legs of an applicator is. a) asprin. b) soap and water. c) vinegar. d) milk. b) soap and water.26. Which of the following is important to consider when purchasing and applying a pesticide? a) The label is a legal document . b) Before you buy and apply a pesticide read the label . c) A General Use pesticide is not given a classification on the label . d) All of the above . 27. What is a major complaint to the Dept. of Agriculture about ...The living tissue in plants which function primarily to transport metabolic compounds from the site of synthesis or storage to the site of utilization. 36. Define xylem. (page 57) The non-living tissue in plants which function primarily to conduct water and mineral nutrients from roots to the shoot. 37. Michigan Pesticide Practice Test 3 3 CABI This volume is a comprehensiv e treatment of how the principles of ecology and conservation biology can be used to maximize biological control. Conservation Biological Control presents various means to modify or manipulate the environment to enhance the activities of natural enemies of pests. It ...

4 Michigan Pesticide Practice Test 2023-11-24 accumulate over the long term. This book will help you find which ones are right for you. Captures farmer and other research results from the past ten years. The authors verified the info. from the 2nd ed., added new results and updated farmer profiles and research data, and added 2 chap .... Who has custody of grayson chrisley

michigan pesticide practice test

University of Michigan Credit Union credit card reviews, rates, rewards and fees. Compare University of Michigan Credit Union credit cards to other cards and find the best card Ple...Before using at-home genetic testing, find out how the company will protect your information. Find questions to help assess a company's privacy practice. A person’s genetic data re...Michigan Ornamental Pest Management (Category 3B) 112 terms. elmiramax. Preview. Turf (3b): Turf Pest Management - Test Your Knowledge. Teacher 60 terms. VTPP ...Ryan Shiplett. Training. We created this quiz to help prepare applicators that are taking their core pesticide exam. Each question is worth 1 point with a max score of …A key to minimizing the hazard of pesticide use to the applicator is to avoid exposure. True. If pesticide is spilled on the skin or clothing, the first reaction is to: a. remove clothes and put on clean clothes. b. call a doctor immediately. c. remove clothing AND wash the affected area with soap and water. c.What climatic factors affect herbicides. humidity, light, precipitation, wind, temp, length of growing season. what are the five categories of selective herbicide applications. foliage spraying, basal spraying, granular/pellet, spotgun/exact dose, cut surface herbicide. What are the 3 basic foliage spray treatments used in right-of-ways.2018 Pesticide Certification Practice Exam Page 6 37. Which statement is true about pesticide effects on non-target organisms? A. Drift is one of the primary causes of damage to crops and other plants in adjacent areas. B. Granular or pelleted pesticide formulations are the safest for preventing injury to birds and other animals. C.1 / 28. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Created by. julie65253. Terms in this set (28) The basic federal law regulating pesticides. FIFRA. What federal government agency is mandated to regulate pesticides use? EPA. Restricted use pesticides can be sold only for use by or under the direct supervision of: Certified applicators.Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. Metro Institute provides online computer-based testing services in Michigan for the Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. MDARD proctored testing sites are located throughout the state. All persons desiring to hold a pesticide certification with the Michigan …Practice tests. Your child may feel more confident and prepared if they practise answering the test questions below. These are not the actual questions they will get on the day, but examples of the types of questions they might get. You can view the questions, the answer sheets and the answers for the multiple-choice tests. microinjection. A method of introducing small amounts of pesticide into holes bored into the truck of a tree. this is uaually done through a placstic septum inserted into the truck of the tree. Micronutrients. Elements used by plants in relatively small amounts, includes manganese, boron, copper and zinc. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like To control pests of structures, pestiside application is the only means for supressing pests., When technicians use other practices in addition to pesticide use for controlling pests:, The title technician is used in this manual to denote: and more. Michigan Pesticide Practice Test 1 Michigan Pesticide Practice Test Public Health Pest Control Planning guide for maintaining school facilities Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture McGraw-Hill's ACT, 2013 Edition body aches/muscle cramps. Allergic Effects. Harmful effects, such as skin rash or asthma, that some people develop in reaction to pesticides that do not cause the same reaction in most other people. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Biological control, Exclusion, Sanitation and more.Apr 17, 2020 · To schedule an oral interview, contact Lisa Graves by phone at 517-284-5653 or by email at [email protected] .”. In response to that, Michigan State University Extension has created an online review for the private applicators to take prior to the test. The webinar is 4 hours and 18 minutes long and follows the core manual chapters. Turfgrass Pest Management. Sample test for Category 3A. Please enter your name. (optional) First name: Last nameWe would love to show you the "day in the life" of our test administration services. To schedule a free no obligation demo of our services call Kelly Denny @ (602) 471-0155. Metro Institute - Computer Based Testing, Online Testing, Certification and Licensing Training. We offer flexible custom solutions for your agency or company.To schedule an oral interview, contact Lisa Graves by phone at 517-284-5653 or by email at [email protected] .”. In response to that, Michigan State University Extension has created an online review for the private applicators to take prior to the test. The webinar is 4 hours and 18 minutes long and follows the core manual chapters.WalletHub selected 2023's best insurance agents in Michigan based on user reviews. Compare and find the best insurance agent of 2023. WalletHub makes it easy to find the best Insur...Requirements. Certification as a commercial applicator can only be received after turning 18 years old, passing the Certified Pesticide Applicator and Registered Technician exam and at least one category exam where you will be making your applications. The exams are based on self-study pesticide applicator training manuals..

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